This paper examines the liberal society that Popper lauds, that aims to be truly open, and discusses why another, more communitarian kind of society, particularly societies in Africa, may also reflect the quest FOR intellectual openness that is Popper’s ideal. Moreover, this paper avers reasons why Popper should be comFORtable with such a liberal-communitarian mix. The inter-subjectivity in his critical rationalism is a balance of an explicit individualism, and an implicit SOCIAL element (Afisi, 2016a). Popper is indeed an author of such a balance. FOR a society to be truly open requires the careful recognition and protection of individual freedom. However, the extent to which individuals are free to perFORm actions that they desire without external constraints, and the level of their individuality in relation to others when perFORming such actions, remain a contentious issue between liberals and more communitarian thinkers. Popper’s critical rationalism provides the necessary impetus to this contention through his view of freedom that I contend can best be viewed as carefully balanced, a view which combines individuality with a SOCIAL element that upholds community values necessary FOR openness of society. With this combination, Popper’s politics of liberalism provides an effective model of how a truly open society can be achieved. The values inherent to Popper’s liberalism including those concerning intellectual openness, individual freedom, mutual respect, measured self-respect, welfarism, humanitarianism, accountability, critical debates and feedback from the citizens, together concern the conditions FOR a society to be truly open. There are many competing thoughts as to what openness might be in Popper’s philosophy. The present study of Popper does not presume to address them all. The focus here is specifically on using Popper’s idea of critical rationalism to balance relations between liberal politics of individual rights and freedom, and communitarian politics of the common good, as it relates to situations about how socio-economic and political conditions in Africa societies should be structured. While I contend that Popper’s works in political philosophy focused centrally on Western political tradition, and not about Africa in its strict sense, significant lessons can be distilled from Popper that can offer suggestions on SOCIAL reFORms in Africa. This paper explores Popper’s project of the open society across the plurality and differences of societies, so that his liberal ideas of individual freedom are not undermined, and the progress of the communitarian idea of the common good, that Africa societies are built upon, is also well enhanced. Liberal individualism and community values inherent to communitarianism are both well accommodated within Popper’s critical rationalism.

Energy InFORmation Administration (EIA). 2022.  Natural gas explained. https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/natural-gas/use-of-natural-gas.php#:~:text=The%20United%20States%20used%20about,of%20U.S.%20total%20energy%20consumption Energy InFORmation Administration (EIA). 2022. Natural Gas Consumption by End Use. https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_cons_sum_dcu_nus_a.html IEA. 2020. Gas 2020. https://www.iea.org/reports/gas-2020/2021-2025-rebound-and-beyond Cinq-Mars, TJ.; T. Kropotova, M. Morgunova, A. Tallipova, and S. Yunusov. 2020. Leak Detection and Repair in the Russian Federation and the United States: Possibilities FOR Convergence. StanFORd US-Russia FORum Journal. Weller, ZD.; DK. Yang, and JC. von Fischer. 2019. An open source algorithm to detect natural gas leaks from mobile methane survey data. PLoS One,14(2):e0212287. SHAHEDI, AS.; MJ. ASSARIAN, O. KALATPOUR, E. ZAREI, and I. MOHAMMADFAM. 2016. Evaluation of consequence modeling of fire on methane storage tanks in a gas refinery. 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Estimation of methane gas leakage from Mashhad urban landfills and evaluation of economic and environmental effects Abstract This study, which was conducted in 8 urban gas areas of Mashhad; At first, descriptive statistics of the state of Mashhad urban gas regulators and different leakage modes were presented; In order to analyze the collected data and investigate the causes of leakage, the relationship between 5 variables and the amount of leakage from gas regulators was tested with the STATISTICAL PACKAGE FOR the SOCIAL SCIENCES (SPSS) V.26 software; These 5 variables are: regulator equipment/connections, regulator operation age, regulator service type (domestic, industrial and commercial), urban area and different seasons of the year. The results of the analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the type of equipment/connections and leakage. (P-Value = 0.0001). Also, a significant difference was observed among other variables of the research (the operation age of the regulator, the type of regulator service (domestic, industrial and commercial), the urban area and different seasons of the year) with the leakage rate (P-Value=0.0001); The pressure drop due to the greater demand of gas consumption in the winter season has reduced the amount of leakage compared to other seasons; The influence of the age of distribution network equipment/connections due to wear and tear and longer life will aggravate the amount of methane gas leakage; Also, the amount of leakage in commercial places had a significant difference with other types of uses; Being in an urban area has also increased the amount of methane gas leakage compared to other areas; The type and quality of equipment and connections as the main and influential factor in methane gas leakage should be considered by managers and officials in this field of work. Keyword: Methane, Riser, Urban area, Environmental effects, Economy Effects, Gas, Emission

Cold drawing process is one of the most used metals FORming processes in industries FOR FORmingseamless tubes. This process of plastic deFORmation of metals occurs below the recrystallization temperature and isgenerally perFORmed at room temperature. When metal is cold worked, upon the release of FORming FORce, thespringback occurs. In this paper, the springback effect of the seamless tube that has undergone cold drawing isstudied FOR three different reduction ratios viz. 10-15 %, 15-20 %, and 20-25 % having the aim to reduce it. Experiments are conducted under different reduction ratios with working conditions of die semi angles of 10 and15 degrees, die land width of 5 mm and 10 mm as well as drawing speed of 4, 6, and 8 m/min FOR C-45 tubematerial. Optimum reduction ratio is finalized using STATISTICAL PACKAGE FOR SOCIAL Science (SPSS) software of dataanalysis using STATISTICAL tests like Kruskal-Wallis, ANOVA, Post-hoc, etc. Metallurgical analysis throughmicrostructural investigation, XRD and mechanical testing via cold draw load, and hardness testing FOR differentreduction ratios are also studied FOR validation purposes. The results of this research show that 10-15 % reductionratio yields the minimum springback. This can be used to help designing tools in the metal FORming industry tominimize springback and improve the quality of the product.

Background & Objectives: Shift work can cause the decreased productivity, changing eating habits, increased fatigue and insomnia, individual and SOCIAL life disorders and health problems. The workers of automotive industry experience shift wok system according to their workplace conditions. The purpose of this study is the investigation of the health, family and SOCIAL life problems among the workers of this vital industry.Material & Methods: In this Descriptive-analytic study, 150 workers of the automotive industries at Tehran were selected by simple random sampling. Data collection tool was Survey of Shift Worker questionnaire (SOS). Reliability and validity of the mentioned questionnaire was approved in previous studies.STATISTICAL analysis was perFORmed with SPSS (version 18.0), and presented with Chi-2.Results The results showed that the highest prevalence rate of problems caused by shift work were related to individual, family and SOCIAL life disorders of shift workers, respectively (>85%).Prevalence of digestive disorders was 82%. According to our findings, persons who have selected the type of their shift work system had the higher level of job satisfaction than others (P<0.001). In addition, the regular shift rotation schedules caused the more job satisfaction than the irregular type (P<0.001).Conclusion: Choosing people voluntarily in shift work schedule and presence of regular shift rotation plans lead to the increased job satisfaction and decreased health problems. According to results, the SOCIAL and health problems among the workers of the under study industry was too high, so it suggests that to make proper decisions such as lowering shift cycles (two-day change with respect to week), training shift personnel about health effects of shift work and lowering the hours of night shift in order to decrease the presents problem as much as possible.

Background and Aims: Dental caries is a multifactorial and common disease that leads to a decrease in the quality of life of individuals. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between serum vitamin D and dental caries in the third year-to-last year students of dental school of Tehran University of Medical SCIENCES. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 123 dental students. Demographic and health inFORmation were completed through a checklist. The level of vitamin D in individuals was measured by blood sampling. We recorded caries by ICDAS (international caries detection and assessment system) in two levels of D(1-6)MFT (total of decayed, filled and missing tooth) and D(3-6)MFT (total of progressive decayed, filled and missing tooth). Data analysis was done by the SPSS PACKAGE version 25 using STATISTICAL tests of correlation and regression. Results: The results showed that the correlation coefficient between vitamin D and caries index D(1-6)MFT was-0. 89 with a P-value of 0. 3328 which was not STATISTICALly significant. Based on the backward logistic regression, there was a positive significant STATISTICAL association between the D(3-6)MFT with vitamin D deficiency (P<0. 001), weight (P=0. 012), dental visit (P=0. 023) and frequency of sweet snack consumption (P=0. 03). In addition a significant and inverse STATISTICAL association was reported between the D(3-6)MFT and milk consumption (P=0. 026). Conclusion: Among dentistry students, no relation between vitamin D deficiency and early stages of decay was seen, however this relation was STATISTICALly significant in regard with progressive dental caries.

A B S T R A C TThe purpose of this study is to measure the level of sustainability of residential complexes in Gorgan and to identify the impact of SOCIAL capital and its dimensions on the concept of housing sustainability. The research method is descriptive and survey type. The STATISTICAL population of the research includes all the residential complexes of Gorgan city, of which 268 cases were determined using Cochran's FORmula as a STATISTICAL sample and were selected and studied using the two-stage cluster sampling method.. A researcher-made questionnaire with an answer PACKAGE was used to collect data. Its validity was confirmed using the FORmal method and its reliability using Cronbach's alpha coefficient FOR the concept of SOCIAL capital (α = 0.879) and housing sustainability (α = 0.810), respectively. The findings showed that there is a significant positive relationship between SOCIAL capital and its dimensions with the dependent variable, i.e. housing sustainability variable and its four dimensions. The results showed that the integrated model in the present study was able to explain the relationship between SOCIAL capital and the concept of housing sustainability to an acceptable extent. ThereFORe, this model can be useful FOR other urban areas of the countryExtended AbstractIntroductionThe home is the source and destination of all human life; and man leaves it FOR work and SOCIAL activity, and after doing it and gaining experience, he returns home. ThereFORe, the category of housing is a broad and complex category that has various dimensions. This concept, in addition to the place in the physical concept, includes all the services and facilities needed by an individual or family that need it to live. To this end, housing planning requires in-depth studies in various SOCIAL, cultural and historical fields. Today, the mere attention to the economy, many human, SOCIAL, indigenous and cultural values have been lost in the course of these unprincipled constructions that have grown and are growing at an unprecedented rate. Hence, housing architecture does not simply mean designing or constructing space FOR human life; FOR this reason, in housing architecture, especially SOCIAL housing, apart from the design of human habitation, other dimensions of human life and habitation must also be considered. Based on what has been mentioned, in our country, today most of the economic dimension and consequently a small increase in the construction and architecture of residential complexes and other dimensions of sustainable development, including SOCIAL, cultural, physical and The environment is neglected. Lack of adequate housing, as housing that has the least incompatibility with the natural environment around it and in a wider area with the region and the world; it creates problems FOR the city and its residents. Meanwhile, residential complexes in Gorgan are no exception to this rule. Complexes that are designed with only the economic dimension in mind, the result of which is the construction of housing in different parts of the city, which has the least coordination and compatibility with other aspects of sustainable development. Given the above, the importance of the present study, attention to the principles of sustainable development and the need to create and expand SOCIAL capital FOR human societies, in the space that was drawn is very important. MethodologyAccording to the purpose of the research and the level of data analysis, the survey method has been used to collect data. FOR this purpose, a researcher-made questionnaire was used to obtain inFORmation. The STATISTICAL population of the study includes all residential complexes in Gorgan. The sample size is 268 based on Cochran's logical FORmula. Two-stage cluster random sampling method is used. So that the STATISTICAL population is divided into clusters and homogeneous groups and then the quota of groups or clusters is determined in proportion to the frequency distribution of each cluster. In the next step, residential complexes are selected as a STATISTICAL sample from each cluster. To verify the validity of the tool, the FORmal validation method (referring to professors and specialists) has been used. Cronbach's alpha method was also used to determine the reliability of the instrument. Results and discussionAccording to the results of t-test, it can be said that the SOCIAL capital index is not desirable. The average of SOCIAL capital index is lower than the hypothetical average. This means that the amount of SOCIAL capital of the residents of residential complexes in Gorgan is not at the desired level. This is if the level of stability of residential complexes in Gorgan is at a desirable level. Also, there is a significant relationship between housing sustainability and SOCIAL capital. And the order of the effect of SOCIAL capital variable on the dimensions of economic, SOCIAL, physical and environmental sustainability. Based on the results of the probability ratio of the Chi-square value model is less than 0.01, it can be said that the regression model is a good model in which independent variables are well able to explain the changes of the dependent variable. The results of hierarchical regression analysis showed that the estimated value of the SOCIAL interaction variable is equal to 1.184, which shows that assuming the effect of all model variables remains constant, an increase in the independent SOCIAL interaction variable increases by 1.184 units. In logarithmic ratios, the dependent variable (housing stability) will be associated. Prioritization of the effectiveness of the studied factors indicates that the factor of FORmal participation has the first place in determining the sustainability of housing. After this factor, the mental class factor is in the second place, then the residential home ownership factor is in the third place. ConclusionOne of the issues that has attracted everyone's attention in recent decades is housing and its sustainable development, which is in line with human development. An important point that has been addressed in the documents of the Second Human Settlement Summit is the importance of the role of sustainable housing and the provision of adequate housing FOR the people in the development process. Various factors such as architectural style, climate, geography and customs are influential in housing design in different places. In the meantime, the role of SOCIAL factors or in other words SOCIAL capital cannot be ignored; Because SOCIAL capital is rooted in the structure and SOCIAL norms of society and is generally a combination of trust, communication network, SOCIAL norms and SOCIAL relations at the individual and community level. Accordingly, the main purpose of this study is to measure the SOCIAL capital of residents and the sustainability of residential complexes in Gorgan. Based on the results, the four dimensions of the dependent variable are affected by the SOCIAL capital variable. This means that the existence of concepts such as trust, interaction, participation, etc. in residential complexes, can provide the stability of the residential complex. As long as the residents of a complex have an effective and reciprocal relationship with each other, the stability of the residential complex is provided; Residents to protect the complex facilities, provide security, visual beauty, hygiene and cleanliness, rehabilitate or create space Green and ... will interact and participate with each other.FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Purpose: Something that happens in the future of a scientific field depends on today's view of young people about the future. The perception of young people from the future and their conception of the future is very important. The purpose of this study was to imaging the future of sports science from the perspective of educated youth. Method: The method of the present research is qualitative and exploratory research and in terms of purpose is applied research. The STATISTICAL population of the study included educated youth who are familiar with sports science and the snowball sampling method was used FOR interviews and theoretical saturation were obtained with 23 interviews. To analyze the data, the content analysis method has been used to obtain the inFORmation of this research. Findings: The results show the future of sports science among educated youth consists of seven main concepts that include: hope FOR a green education system, excessive interest in working in the sports industry, basic reengineering, relative disappointment from the ability of authorities, SOCIAL position through academic education, desire FOR empowerment and lack of skills, injustice, and utilitarianism. Conclusion: Finally, by observing the mental images of the youth, it can be stated that sports science will move towards the dystopia if the current situation continues, and it can move towards the utopia with fundamental changes. In this direction, the stakeholders of sports SCIENCES need to be together and disagreements need to be managed as well as arbitrariness of sports science professionals should be reduced.

Background: The use of autograft hamstring tendons FOR ACL reconstruction has increased due to measurable outcomes such as decreased donor site morbidity and improved fixation METHOD: S: . Final graft diameter is effective in reducing the chance of graft re-tearing. Anthropometric parameters such as age, gender, height, weight, Body Mass Index (BMI) and thigh circumferencehave been reported to be of predictive value in a variety of studies but there is poor consensus agreement. MRI based radiologic assessments also needs radiologic workstation and special software. This study investigated the relationship between pre-operative semitendinosus tendon diameter measured by MRI and intra-operative final graftconstruct diameter. METHODS: Adult patientsconfirmed to have anterior cruciate ligament(ACL)rupture by positive physical test and 1. 5 Tesla quality magnetic resonance imaging(MRI), who were candidates FOR autograft ACL reconstruction entered the study. Those with previous history of ACL surgery or candidates FOR allograft or bone patellar bone graft reconstruction were excluded. The MRI images of the patients were uploaded into Infinitesoftware. Joint level was determined first in coronal plane and then by using cross linking option the axial joint level was defined. Using cursor and ruler tools the maximum diameters of semitendinosus tendon was measured at the joint line, and two spaces (SPs) proximal and distal to it. Semitendinosus and final graft construct diameters were measured intraoperatively. SPSS software was used to analyze the data to find possible correlations. RESULTS: TheSemitendinosustendon graft diameter over 3. 4 millimeters at two spaces distal to joint line on axial MRI cut well correlated to intra-operative final graft construct diameterof over 8 millimeters. Conclusion: The proposed measurement techniqueis a reliable option to assist the surgeonsFOR pre-operative prediction of graft size in hamstring autograft reconstruction.